Rewards are the key to successful dog training, especially when it comes to recall. Your dog will only follow you reliably if it is offered a rewarding alternative to its current activity. It is often not enough to simply use any treat - the reward must be attractive and needs-orientated.
What is needs-orientated reward?
Just like us humans, dogs have hobbies and preferences. They like digging, hunting, marking or playing with other dogs. If you ask your dog to give up such a hobby because you are calling him to you, the reward must be just as exciting as what he is doing. This is called a need-orientated reward. A dog that is motivated by hunting often responds better to a dummy or a game of tug than to a normal treat.
Functional reinforcers: rewards that really count
Functional reinforcers are rewards that reflect your dog's need in the respective situation. For example: If your dog likes to chase, you can reward him with a throwing toy that fulfils his need for movement. The trick is to choose a reward that serves as a substitute for the unwanted behaviour. These reinforcers help to increase your dog's motivation and make him realise that listening to your recall is worthwhile.